The Buddha in scriptures

1.1. There are many references to the Buddha in the Puranas. All those references might not pertain to one and the same person or mythical figure. The term Buddha , in most cases , denotes a wise person , a sage-like person possessing Buddhi ( derived from the root budh -to know with the suffix  kta the agent).

The Buddha , here , is not the name of a person. It merely refers to an exalted one who has realized the Truth. There had been many Buddhas prior to Siddhartha Gautama, the Sakya muni, who achieved the status of the Buddha. For instance; Sage Kashyapa , one among the famed seven Rishis, was revered as a Buddha. It is now a practice to mention Buddha prefixed by the definite article The .

Interestingly, one among the 101 names of Ahura Mazda is ‘Buddha’.  He declares ‘I am Dharma; I am Buddha’- Ahum cha daenam cha Baodhas cha – (Khordeh Avesta). Here, the ‘ Buddha‘ is meant as the perfect one. And, at times, Ahura Mazda is addressed as Buddha Mazda.

[The Buddhavamsa , a Theravada text  describes the life of Gautama Buddha and the 27 Buddhas who preceded him. And, there is also a mention of Maitreya , who will succeed  Gautama, as a future Buddha .]

Some of the Hindu scriptures  , notably Srimad-Bhagavata-Purana , accept the Buddha as one of the avatars of Vishnu There are of course numerous dissenting scriptures. Srimad Bhagavatha mentions that in the age (Yuga) of Kali, the Buddha is born as the son of Anjana of the Kikata tribe in the mid Gaya Region (Madhya Gaya pradeshe). There is no mention of the Buddha’s wife in the Puranas; and there is also no references to his son.

The purpose of his avatar is to vanquish enemies of the Devas and to establish the Dharma. He is also praised as purassara or purogamin , the forerunner ; and as the destroyer of Madhu or Mara the  distractor.  Just as Sri Rama and Sri Krishna were the guarding divinities and representations of Vishnu in the  Treta and Dwapara yugas, it is said, the Buddha is the Vishnu of the Kali Yuga. We all now live in the dispensation of the avatar of the Buddha (Bhauddavathare); and will do so till the advent of the next avatar, the Kalki.

Four -faced Buddha in a Bangkok temple

1.2. The Buddha is addressed in the scriptures with titles ,which are similar to the titles addressed to Vishnu, asserting his divinity as :

• • Buddha-deva (Padma -purana);
  • Buddha-rupa (Brahma-purana);
  • Siddhartha (Matsya-purana); 
  • Bhagavata (supreme person),
  • Lokavid (knower of all worlds);
  • Anuttara (the unsurpassable);
  • Shasta Deva Manushyanam (Lord of men and demigods); and,
  • Buddhir Buddhimatam (the enlightenment of the enlightened ones)

In a few passages (in Matsya, Skanda and Devi Puranas) he is described as a Maha yogin , yoga-charya as one whose ideas are pure, as one  having a pacified mind free from attachments and hatred . He is also portrayed as Yoga-murti, the Bhaisaja-guru, the great healer, holding Myrobalan (Arura) plant in a vase.

The Vishnudharmottara pictures the Buddha as a sanyasin (monk) adorned in brown or ochre robes , full of compassion towards all beings.

Varaha Mihira, in his masterly encyclopedic work Brhat Samhita (Ca. Sixth Century CE), under the Chapter – Prathima Lakshana Adhyaya – specifies that:

The Buddha should be represented as seated on a lotus; as if he were the father (creator) of the world; very forgiving; with hands and feet marked with lotus-signs. His body is smooth and shining; with less hair. His countenance is serene, glowing with compassion

Padma-ankita-caranah, Prasanna-murthi; sunica-kesashca / Padmasano-vistah, Pitova-jagato, bhavathi Buddhah// Chapter 58, Prathima-lakshana Adhyaya, verse 45 //

1.3. Sri Jayadeva’s sublime poetry Gita-Govinda which articulates the Vaishnava philosophy of Love sings the glory of the Buddha as an incarnation of Vishnu and personification of compassion (karunya) towards all beings.

 

1.4. Srimad Bhagavatha explains the teaching of the Buddha as: ” The Buddha taught that material existence is dukha; and   that there is samudaya, a cause of material existence; and because there is a cause, there is also nirodha, a way to remove material existence.  That way is marga, the path of righteousness”.

Matsya-Purana mentions that the Buddha preached ahimsa, discouraged sacrifices, and supported nivrtti (non-attachment) and jnana-marga (the path of knowledge) of the Vedas.

Naradiya Samhita (1, 60) describes the Buddha as a great sage with limitless compassion and self restraint (muni varo vasi); and as emanation of Pradyumna the Vrishni hero and son of Vasudeva-krishna. Some of the later texts depict the Buddha as the naked one (digambara).

The Vishnu purana mentions that when sage Maitreya queried sage Parasara “who are the naked ones?”, the latter replied “those who have discarded the three sheaths (coverings) or limitations  of the three Vedas – Rik, Yagus and Sama – are the naked ones (digambara) ”

Depictions of the Buddha

 

2.1.  As is well known, the earlier phase of Buddhism was free from a pantheon and representations of any gods and goddesses. The early representations of the Buddha were through symbols such as: the Bodhi-tree; the wheel of Dharma; the throne of exposition; sacred foot-prints; and so on. His representation as a perfect human being came about much later, perhaps through the influence of the Greek.

The first image of the Buddha was fashioned in the Gandhara School, of the Kushana  period,  replicating the Greek Art.

[ As a result of trade relations throughout the first millennium CE. Images of Buddha with the Greek lettering ΒΟΔΔΟ (‘Boddo’ for Buddha) were found on gold coins from the Kushan empire dating back to the second century CE. Buddha was mentioned in a Greek source, ‘Stromateis’, by Clement of Alexandria as early as around 200 CE, and another reference to Buddha is found in St Jerome’s ‘Adversus Jovinianum’ written in 393 CE. A religious legend inspired by the narrative of the ‘Life of Buddha’ was well known in the Judaeo-Persian tradition and early versions in Persian, Arabic, Hebrew, Armenian and Georgian have been discovered. The story became commonly known as ‘Barlaam and Josaphat’ in medieval Europe. The name Josaphat, in Persian and Arabic spelled variously Budasf, Budasaf, Yudasaf or Iosaph, is a corruption of the title Bodhisattva which stands for ‘Buddha-to-be’, referring to Prince Siddhartha who became Gotama Buddha with his enlightenment.

: Please click here for the source  ]

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Further, Thomas McEvilley ,writes , in his  The Shape of Ancient Thought : Comparative Studies in Greek and Indian Philosophies  :

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The other significant stream of development of the Buddha images was centered around Mathura, in the present-day U P.  Here, the artists developed a style that can be characterized as more indigenous, which was endowed with symbolism,  suggesting the spiritual aura of the Buddha, as also the grace, tenderness and compassion which characterize the sublime idea of the Buddha. Such imagery was influenced by the iconography (prathima-lakshana) of the Hindu and the Jain religious figures; and, was meant for worship. 

The Buddha  images were meant not merely to please the eyes ; but also to spark pious and noble thoughts in the hearts of the onlookers. The Buddha image personified compassion, wisdom, enlightenment and tranquility. The artists, generations after generation, spread over the centuries and across the continents , have striven to give expression the beauty and virtue of the Buddha and his message.

   

2.2. The raise and popularity of Mahayana Buddhism and the Bhakthi cult brought forth highly idealized Buddha icons meant for worship; and they virtually pushed the historical Buddha to background. The evolution of the Adi-Buddhas, the Dhyani-Buddhas (five types), the Bodhisattvas and other forms gave great impetus to Buddha iconography.

2.3. I need to mention here briefly about a few special features of the Indian figurative art and Iconography. It succeeded in making a coherent use of images to represent abstraction; and gracefully uniting forms and ideas in a loving unison. An image (prathima) in the Indian traditions is , therefore, an all-inclusive representation of the aspects and attributes of a deity. It is more than a mere portraiture; it is an embodiment of the dominant abstracted impersonalized state of a deity in a given stance or posture, evoking stillness and dynamic movements together.

The image of the Buddha is not merely a semblance of the historical prince Siddhartha Gautama and Sakyamuni; but is more than that. The Buddha is the comprehensive representation of intellect, wisdom and non-attachment; and above all of pathos, grace and boundless compassion, in absolute. His image is the universal principle of compassion (karuna) and wisdom solidified into a visible form. It is not the ‘historical figure’ , but is the idealized form encircled sometimes with many transient states, represented as vegetation , flora, fauna , yakshis , dryads, gandharvas, and apsaras each playing a specific role in building a totality of his eminence,  an incarnation of the still centre of peace and enlightenment.

2.4. There are countless forms of the Buddha depictions in Buddhist lore. The purpose of this blog is merely to mention some depictions of the Buddha form in the Hindu tradition. The forms discussed under are those as described in Hindu and Shilpa texts, as also in the Dhyana-slokas. They are meant for worship with the prayer they lead to tranquillity and salvation. They are not decorative pieces of mere aesthetic appeal.

Forms of the Buddha icons

3.1. The icons of the Buddha are made either in sitting or standing (Sama bhanga) positions; but never in abhanga (bent) or dancing position. He is depicted lying-down position only to represent the posture he assumed while about to give up his mortal coils (pari nibbana).

3.2. The Buddha icons seated in lotus position (padma-asana) are depicted in three forms: as turning the wheel of dharma (chakra pravartana); or as in meditation (Dhyani Buddha) or as calling the earth as witness for his own integrity (bhoomi sparsha). The last is also called as pushparisa mudra. The positions of the hands and fingers (mudras), in each case, give expression to the posture.

3.3. The Buddha in the Dharma chakra parivarthana mudra is seated in lotus position on a thousand petaled- lotus under Bodhi tree. His eyes are half-closed in contemplation (dhyana). This represents the Buddha delivering his first discourse soon after attaining enlightenment.

3.4. The Dhyani Buddha is depicted in a meditation posture with the upturned palms of both hands placed on his lap. He is seated under a decorated canopy (chattra) placed beneath  the kalpa vrikshatree; and is flanked by two attendants who with great reverence wave the chamara flywhisks .A bright aura of wisdom and enlightenment adorn the head of the Buddha in meditation.

3.5. The Buddha seated in lotus position has his upturned- left palm placed on his lap while his right fore-arm  is lightly placed on the right knee; and the long and delicate fingers of his right hand gently touching the ground on which he seated(bhoomi sparsha). This represents the Buddha soon after enlightenment calling the earth as witness for his own integrity.

3.6. There also depictions of the Buddha in vyakhyana posture, as if teaching and imparting a sermon.

3.7. While standing the Buddha is represented either as preaching (vyakhyana) or going around begging. His right palm should bestow protection (abhaya) and his left clutching the side of his long garment should bestow assurance. His countenance should emanate peace, love and compassion.

Further, Prof. S K Ramachandra Rao (The Encyclopedia of Indian Iconography) writes about the Five Dhyani Buddhas : 

3.8. The depictions of the Parinibbana scenes where the Buddha is shown giving up his mortal coils resemble Vishnu in Yoga shayana posture where he is surrounded by gods, goddesses, angles,  sages, devotees and other beings, all worshipping with folded hands , devotion and reverence.

The Buddha iconography in Hindu and Shilpa texts

4.1. The Panchratra Agama texts such as Hayastrasa Samhita (23-26) and Naradiya Samhita (1, 60) provide the iconographic details of the Buddha icons.

He is described as sitting in lotus-position (padma-asana), covered in ascetic garments (chira- alankara).As regards his features: His face must be radiant like lotus and his eyes too should be wide and full like lotus (padmasyam – padma lochanam).His ears must be long (lamba karnam) . His navel should be adorned with a gem. His body must be lustrous like molten gold (taptha hema prabha). He must be shown having two arms .

He must be shown deeply absorbed in meditation or bestowing protection and assurance (varada- abhaya – hasta) or his hands close to his heart indicating movement of dharma-chakra (the wheel of dharma). The Buddha image should be scaled in uttama dasha tala measure

4.2. The other Hindu texts which accept the Buddha as an avatar, such as: Brihat-Samhita; Agni-purana; Vishnu-dharmaottara-purana; and, Rupamandana, specify the features of the Buddha image in Dhyanamudra-in meditation posture.

Matsya-Purana describes the Buddha as Deva-sundara-rupa , handsome like a god, pale-red or fair in complexion. The foot soles and palms of the Buddha should be graced with auspicious signs of the lotus (padma). His body should be healthy and well developed; and glowing mellow and bright like moon light. He should have adorable thick curly hair (kundala kesha).The eyebrows should mold into a ring called urna, an insignia of the emperors. His long suspended earlobes should have holes.

He should be adorned in kashaya (saffron) garments. He should wear across his right shoulder a piece of cloth (valmala) as upper garment.

He should be sitting in lotus position (padma asana). His hands should gesture protection and assurance (varada abhaya mudra). The countenance on his broad, smiling face should radiate peace. The love and compassion emanating from his face should kindle a feeling in the viewers’   heart that they   are looking at the father of all existence.

4.3. Another text Manasara (ch.56) offers a graphic description of the Buddha images which are depicted either as standing or seated.

He should always be two armed and two-eyed, with long arms and wide chest; his body muscular (mamsala) and well developed. He must be shown wearing yellow garments (pitambara-dhara) and adorned with a brilliant head dress (ushnisha-ujwala-maulikam). His body must lustrous like moon and his face large (vishala anana). His ears should be long and hanging (lamba karna), his eyes long or elongated (ayataksha) and his nose aquiline (tunga ghona).The smile on his face should be like a lamp that has just been lit – bright and pure. 

As regards the seated Buddha:  The Buddha must be placed upon a throne or under the Ashwattha (peepal) tree or in the vicinity of the wish-fulfilling (kalpa vriksha). The Buddha image should be scaled in uttama dasha tala measure.

4.4The Buddha images are depicted in Hindu temples either  in niches or on Vimanas (temple-towers). And, in the Hoysala temples the Prabhavali, the intricately carved ornamental sculpture which serves   as background to Vishnu’s head includes the Dhyani Buddha image.

Further Chalukya and Hoysala temples (10-11^thcenturies) in their depictions of Vishnu’s ten-avatars do include the Buddha. 

Ushnisha

5.1. The reference to the brilliant ushnisha of the Buddha icon is truly interesting. Ushnisha in its etymological sense means “protection from sun or a sun-shade”; but, it is generally taken to mean a turban, a royal turban –one of the royal insignia.

5.2. The Buddha is at times referred to in the Pali Nikayas as mundaka-samana, a shaven-headed monk (e.g. Subha-sutta – 99 – Majjhima Nikaya) . In the older tradition, the Buddha is represented as  mundaka, a shaven headed monk. The images of the Buddha found at Mathura, Mankur and Saranath represent this older tradition.

[Mathura was the second capital of the Kushans , who ruled much of North-Western India (c. 50 B.C.–A.D. 320); and, was a major center of art production, which developed , rooted in the indigenous Indian traditions, making use of the local mottled- red sandstone.

Here the Sakyamuni is depicted in the early Mathura mode.  The Buddha, as the Great teacher, is portrayed as a yogi, seated on a throne, and dressed as a monk, with his right hand gesturing reassurance (Abhaya–mudra). As prescribed by the traditional texts, the palms of the hands and soles of the Buddha’s feet are marked with the lotus and the wheel symbols , proclaiming his divine status.

And, here, the Buddha, the yogi, is depicted as  Mundaka samana; having no hair on his head, the one who is not a Kapardin.  The Ushnisha , either as a turban or as a cranial bump  is missing.

Credit: Kimbell Art Museum, Acoustiguide Inc. Piano Pavilion, West Gallery]

5.3. The later Pali Nikayas and Sanskrit texts like Lalitavistara preferred to treat the Buddha as a royal personage endowed with all the auspicious signs of a maha-purusha. Two of such signs were having a head like “royal-turban” (usnisa –sirasa) or having hair “arranged in ringlets turning to the right” (pradakshina-vrata-kesha). This tradition gained popularity in the later depictions of the Buddha images.

5.4. Though some scholars interpret usnisa as denoting fullness of the forehead or the head, it is quite likely the Buddha wore, at times; a brilliant colored turban (ushnisha-ujwala-maulikam). Perhaps, as a testimony to that, one of the panels in the Sanchi stupa depicts devotees paying respects to the Buddha’s turban.

5.6. The tradition of depicting the Buddha with a turban or a crown gained popularity in the Far East and South East Asia. Here, a majority of the images of Sakyamuni , the Buddha, is depicted as Usnisa-Cakravartin, with thick, spiral curls; and, with a protruding crest or crown, the Usnisa, ending with a flame-like tip, flame niche or a lotus bud.

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Salagramas

6. In the Hindu tradition the Buddha is depicted as Saligrama too. The Salagrama sastra mentions that the salagramas with a wide crevice like a cave .The Buddha-murti salagramas are also described as “having two apertures, and two chakras in the interior. The chakras are upward-inclined at the head, or they are at the sides; and the stone may be multi-colored”. The worship of the Buddha Salagrama, it is believed, leads to sharper intellect, wisdom and non-attachment.

7. Generally, all Hindu iconographic representations of the Buddha are the worship-worthy idealized representation of a god incarnated as a Raja-rishi (king-seer).He is a Chakravarthin  (Emperor) endowed with thirty-two auspicious signs (lakshanas) of a maha-purusha, a noble and a gracious person . Accordingly, the Buddha  is depicted as a  young , handsome, healthy, well formed   god-like person  (Deva-sundara-rupa)  with long arms reaching up to his knees (aa-janu-bahu); having  lustrous body; thick glossy hair; long earlobes; happy, peaceful countenance with wide eyes full of love , compassion and wisdom; and seated or standing  on a lotus pedestal. The devout have a faith the worship of such auspicious icon bestows peace , happiness and liberation.

“Apādakehi me mettaṃ, mettaṃ Dipādakehi me. / Catuppadehi me mettaṃ, mettaṃ Bahuppadehi me. /  Sabbe sattā sabbe pāṇā, sabbe bhūtā ca kevalā./ Sabbe bhadrāni passantu, mā kañci pāpamāgamā. / –  Culla Vagga V 6 (page 152)

“Creatures without feet have my love.

And like wise those who have two feet; and those, too, who have many feet.

Let all creatures , all things that live, all beings of whatever kind,

See nothing that will bode them ill.

May no evil come to them.”

—The Buddha

Resources

I gratefully acknowledge the Iconographic drawings and details from Dr.G Gnanananda’s monumental work Brahmiya-Chitra karma sastram

The other picture are from internet

Devata Rupamala And Vishnu Suktha By Prof.SKR Rao

http://ccbs.ntu.edu.tw/FULLTEXT/JR-ENG/baner.htm

Usnisa-siraskata (a mahapurusa-laksana) in the early Buddha images of India

Jitendra Nath Banerjea; The Indian Historical Quarterly-1931.09

http://www.salagram.net/Buddha-dev.html

http://www.salagram.net/sstp-Newsletter007.html
Gautama Buddha in Hinduism

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddha_as_an_Avatara_of_Vishnu

http://ramiswar5.blogspot.com/

All Images are from Internet